The Keyaki Treebank
Manual
by Alastair Butler, Stephen Wright Horn, Kei Yoshimoto, Iku Nagasaki and Ai KubotaHome
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Acknowledgements
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1 Introduction
2 List of tags
2.1 Part-of-speech tags
2.2 Syntactic tags
2.3 Specifications of clause linkage
2.4 Other tags
3 General parsing principles
4 Segmentation and part-of-speech annotation
5 Basic clause structure
6 Null elements
6.1 Null elements without indexing
6.2 Null elements that are always indexed
6.3 The position of null elements
7 Annotation of grammatical roles
7.1 Core grammatical roles
7.1.1 Explicitly marked arguments
7.1.2 Implicitly marked arguments
7.1.3 Omitted NPs
7.2 Peripheral grammatical roles
7.2.1 Explicitly marked adjuncts
7.2.2 Implicitly marked NPs
7.2.3 Adjunct traces
8 Particles/Postpositions (P)
8.1 Particles for core grammatical roles: が, を, に, の, と, で, から, etc.
8.2 Particles for peripheral roles: の, に, へ, で, から, まで, と, etc
8.3 Complex particles
8.4 Non-clausal conjunctive particles
8.5 Clausal conjunctive particles
8.5.1 Conjunctive particles subordinating conditional IPs
8.5.2 Conjunctive particles subordinating non-conditional IPs
8.5.3 Conjunctive particles coordinating independent IPs
8.6 Particles intrducing complementizer clauses (CP-THT): と, という, etc.
8.6.1 Content complements of predicates
8.6.2 Content complements of nouns
8.7 Sentence-final particles: か, ね and よ, etc.
8.8 Particles as clausal constituents: て, ん, の, は, も, etc.
8.9 Toritate (focus) particles: か, しか, は, ばかり, も, etc.
8.10 Particle ommission
8.11 Particle stacking
8.12 Particle burying
9 Predicates
9.1 Verbs (VB)
9.1.1 Verb classification
9.1.2 Special cases (VB)
9.2 い-adjectives (ADJI)
9.3 Special cases (ADJI)
9.4 Copular expressions
9.4.1 Copulas and copula drop
9.4.2 Shapes of copulas
9.4.3 Criteria for disambiguation of copulas (contr. by Hayashi, Noritugu)
9.4.4 な-adjectives (ADJN)
9.4.5 Special cases (ADJN)
9.4.6 Nominal predicates (NP-PRD)
9.4.7 Special cases (NP-PRD)
9.4.8 PPs as copular complements
9.5 Predicate extensions
9.5.1 Extensions attaching to combining stems
9.5.2 Extensions attaching to finite inflections
9.5.3 Special cases for predicate extensions
10 Nouns (N) and other nominal categories (NPR, PRO, WPRO, Q, QN)
11 Determiners (D) and Indeterminate Diterminers (WD)
12 Prenominals (PNL)
13 Adverbs (ADV) and Indeterminate Adverb (WADV)
14 Pronouns (PRO) and indeterminate pronouns (WPRO)
15 Numerals (NUM) and classifiers (CL)
16 Parenthetical layers (PRN)
17 Intermediate nominal layers (NML)
18 Noun phrases (NP)
18.1 Subjects (NP-SBJ)
18.2 Secondary subjects (NP-SBJ2)
18.3 Logical subjects (NP-LGS)
18.4 Primary non-subject arguments (NP-OB1)
18.5 Secondary non-subject arguments (NP-OB2)
18.6 Locative NPs (NP-LOC)
18.7 Measure NPs (NP-MSR)
18.8 Temporal NPs (NP-TMP)
18.9 Adverbial NPs (NP-ADV)
18.10 Vocative NPs (NP-VOC)
18.11 Topic NPs (NP-TPC)
18.12 Bare NPs
19 Prenominal phrases (PNLP)
20 Adverb phrases (ADVP)
21 Predicate noun phrases (NP-PRD)
22 Adnominal clauses
22.1 Adnominal clauses with traces (IP-REL)
22.2 Adnominal clauses without traces (IP-EMB)
22.3 Internally headed relative clauses
22.4 Resumptive pronouns
23 Clause types
23.1 Questions (CP-QUE)
23.2 Exclamative utterances (CP-EXL)
23.3 Imperative clauses (IP-IMP)
24 Nominalized clauses (IP-NML)
25 Adverbial clauses (IP-ADV)
26 Control environments
26.1 Control into small clauses (IP-SMC)
26.2 Control into adverbial clauses (IP-ADV)
26.3 Control into content complements of nouns (IP-EMB)
26.4 Preventing control with null elements
27 Clause coordination
27.1 Distinguishing between subordination and coordination
27.2 Expressing coordination while maintaining flat clausal stucture
27.3 Multiple clausal conjuncts
27.4 Summary
28 Non-clausal coordination (CONJP)
28.1 Coordinated NPs
28.2 Coordinated PPs
28.3 Coordinated ADVPs
29 Quantification
29.1 Expressions with Q
29.1.1 Prenominal expressions with Q
29.1.2 Appositive expressions with Q
29.1.3 Floating expressions with Q
29.1.4 Referring expression with Q
29.1.5 Host-less adverbial expressions with Q
29.2 Expressions with NUMCLP
29.2.1 Prenominal expressions with NUMCLP
29.2.2 Appositive expressions with NUMCLP
29.2.3 Floating expressions with NUMCLP
29.2.4 Referring expressions with NUMCLP
29.2.5 Host-less adverbial expressions with NUMCLP
29.3 Expressions with W
29.3.1 W expressions with も
29.3.2 W expressions with か
30 Constructions
30.1 N-bar deletion
30.2 Right node raising construction
30.3 Verbless depictive (absolute) clauses
30.4 Multiple sentences in a quotation
30.5 Focused pseudocleft constructions
30.6 Double object constructions
30.7 Direct passive constructions
30.7.1 Objects in passive
30.8 Causatives
30.9 Causative passives
30.10 Indirect passives
30.11 Comparative constructions with clauses
30.12 Fragments (FRAG)
30.13 Purpose of motion clauses
30.14 Various quotes (including CP-THT and CP-QUE)
30.14.1 Questions as arguments
30.14.2 Adverbial quotes (CP-THT-ADV) and questions (CP-QUE-ADV)
30.14.3 Appositional quotes and questions
30.14.4 Volitional adjuncts
30.15 Raising-to-object constructions
30.15.1 Raising out of complementizer clauses
30.15.2 Raising out of small clauses
31 Punctuation
32 Metadata (META)
33 Colloquial forms
33.1 Interjection phrases (INTJP)
33.2 False starts (FS)
33.3 Ellipsis
33.4 Afterthoughts
33.5 Contractions
34 Ambiguous forms
34.1 Particles versus copulas
34.1.1 で
34.1.2 に
34.1.3 と
34.1.4 の
34.2 だろう and でしょう
34.3 (ら)れる
34.3.1 Direct passive
34.3.2 Indirect passive
34.3.3 Spontaneous
34.3.4 Potential
34.3.5 Honorific
34.4 よう
References
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